Classical Biological Control of Arthropods in the 21st Century
نویسنده
چکیده
The first attempt by man at classical biological control of an arthropod pest was a spectacular success. The cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi Maskell) program in California over the period 1877-1879 was the first scientifically and institutionally backed biological control program. Foreign exploration by Arthur Koebele, resulted in the importation and release of two natural enemies, the vedalia beetle (Rodolia cardinalis [Mulsant]) and a parasitic fly (Cryptochaetum iceryae [Williston]) from Australia for cottony cushion scale control in California. The combined impact of these two natural enemies drove cottony cushion scale densities to almost undetectable levels and by saving the young citrus industry from imminent destruction put California on an economic trajectory towards unprecedented wealth and prosperity. Biological control came to be viewed as a panacea for pest problems after this program and ladybirds as silver bullets for agricultural pests. The resulting “ladybird fantasy,” “parasite craze” and “bug versus bug method” did not produce the impressive results that the vedalia beetle had achieved. The potential of biological control as a pest management tool had been greatly exaggerated by the technology’s proponents (Sawyer, 1996).
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